📐 Adjective Endings & Agreement

How German adjective endings change depending on case, gender, and what comes before them

A2 12 min read 5 sections

Why Adjective Endings Matter

In German, adjectives that come before a noun must have an ending that agrees with the noun’s gender, case, and number. This is called an attributive adjective. However, when an adjective comes after the verb (predicative position), it has no ending at all. Important: Adjectives after sein (to be) NEVER take endings. Das Haus ist groß (not großes). Only adjectives directly BEFORE a noun need endings.

Das Haus ist groß. — BUT: das große HausThe house is big. — BUT: the big house
Tip: If the adjective comes BEFORE the noun, it always needs an ending. If it comes AFTER the verb (like "ist"), it stays in its base form. There are three ending patterns, depending on what word (if any) comes before the adjective.

After Definite Articles (der/die/das)

When a definite article (der, die, das) or a similar word (dieser, jeder, welcher) already shows the gender and case, the adjective takes "weak" endings. The article does the heavy lifting, so the adjective mostly just adds -e or -en.

CaseMasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Nominative-e (der große Mann)-e (die kleine Frau)-e (das alte Haus)-en (die neuen Bücher)
Accusative-en (den großen Mann)-e (die kleine Frau)-e (das alte Haus)-en (die neuen Bücher)
Dative-en (dem großen Mann)-en (der kleinen Frau)-en (dem alten Haus)-en (den neuen Büchern)
Genitive-en (des großen Mannes)-en (der kleinen Frau)-en (des alten Hauses)-en (der neuen Bücher)
Tip: After der/die/das, dative and genitive are ALWAYS -en. Nominative is -e for all genders. Only masculine accusative switches to -en. Everything else in the weak table is -e or -en — that’s it!

After Indefinite Articles (ein/eine)

When an indefinite article (ein, eine) or a possessive (mein, dein, sein, etc.) comes before the adjective, the endings are "mixed." The key difference from the weak table: in nominative masculine, nominative/accusative neuter, and accusative masculine, the adjective must show the gender because ein/mein don’t.

CaseMasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Nominative-er (ein großer Mann)-e (eine kleine Frau)-es (ein altes Haus)-en (keine neuen Bücher)
Accusative-en (einen großen Mann)-e (eine kleine Frau)-es (ein altes Haus)-en (keine neuen Bücher)
Dative-en (einem großen Mann)-en (einer kleinen Frau)-en (einem alten Haus)-en (keinen neuen Büchern)
Genitive-en (eines großen Mannes)-en (einer kleinen Frau)-en (eines alten Hauses)-en (keiner neuen Bücher)
Tip: Mixed endings show gender only where "ein" has no ending of its own. Compare: "ein Mann" (ein has no ending) → "ein großer Mann" (adjective shows -er). But "einem Mann" (einem already shows dative) → "einem großen Mann" (adjective just adds -en).

Without Any Article

When no article or determiner comes before the adjective, it must carry the full gender/case signal on its own. These are called "strong" endings, and they closely mirror the endings of der/die/das themselves.

CaseMasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Nominative-er (großer Mann)-e (kleine Frau)-es (altes Haus)-e (neue Bücher)
Accusative-en (großen Mann)-e (kleine Frau)-es (altes Haus)-e (neue Bücher)
Dative-em (großem Mann)-er (kleiner Frau)-em (altem Haus)-en (neuen Büchern)
Genitive-en (großen Mannes)-er (kleiner Frau)-en (alten Hauses)-er (neuer Bücher)
Tip: Without an article, the adjective takes over the job of showing gender and case. Compare the strong endings to the definite articles: der → -er, die → -e, das → -es, dem → -em, den → -en. The pattern is almost identical!

The Simple Rule

All three tables follow one underlying principle: someone has to signal gender and case. If the article already does it, the adjective relaxes to -e or -en. If the article only partially signals it (ein), the adjective fills in the gaps. If there’s no article at all, the adjective does it all.

PatternWhen?Key Endings
Weak (-e / -en)After der, die, das, dieser, jeder, welcherNom: -e (all genders). Everything else: -en.
Mixed (-er/-es/-e / -en)After ein, eine, mein, dein, kein, etc.Nom masc -er, nom/acc neuter -es, otherwise like weak.
Strong (mirrors der/die/das)No article at allAdjective takes the article’s own endings.
Tip: When in doubt, ask: "Does the word before the adjective already show gender?" If yes → use -e or -en. If partially → the adjective fills in. If nothing → the adjective shows everything.

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